Narrative compositions
Dear students do not doubt the authenticity of these guidelines, follow them and you are guaranteed that you will never falter in writing narrative essays as required by the CIE Examination standards
• There are different ways of beginning narrative, but setting the scene is necessary early on, whichever type of opening you choose:
i) start by setting the scene, referring to place and time, season and weather
ii)start with description of the main character
iii) start in the middle of the action
iv) start in the middle of dialogue
v) start with an intriguing or shocking statement
• There is also a range of ways to end a narrative:
i) ironic comment in direct speech
ii) an unexpected twist
iii) a return to the beginning
iv) a happy ending
v) a sad ending
vi) a ‘cliffhanger’
• Revise direct speech punctuation, which is difficult. It is likely that in one or more parts of the 1123 exam you will be required to or will wish to use dialogue. Remember in particular that a change of speaker requires a change of line, and that all speech needs a final punctuation mark in addition to and before the closing inverted commas. Remember also that exclamations and questions which fall inside the speech are not followed by a capital letter if the sentence continues, and that commas not full stops are used to end speech unless there is no continuation to the sentence. e.g.
‘Really?’ she asked.
‘Really,’ he answered.
• Decide on a tense and then stick to it; do not jump between present and past. The normal narrative tense is past and those who try to write in the present usually forget to do so after a while, so it is safer to start off in the past.
• Know what your last sentence is going to be before you write your first. A narrative has to build up to a climax and lead towards a conclusion which is planned before it starts or it will end lamely or incomprehensibly, or the pace will be too slow or too fast.
• Don’t try to do too much; you can’t cover many events and many years in one short composition. Select key moments and skip over the rest, changing the pace according to the intensity of the moment.
• Do not try to include too many characters (three are enough) or to give them all speech.
• For the top grade, complexity of narrative and structure is required e.g. framing the story; flashback or forward time jump; two parallel strands being brought together. However, do not attempt these devices unless you are sure you can manage them.
• Use dialogue by all means (if you can punctuate and set it out correctly) but don’t overdo it. You shouldn’t turn your story into a play, nor should you dilute the effect of occasional and significant moments of speech by giving the characters trivial things to say throughout.
• If you do use dialogue, find synonyms for ‘he said/she said’ or it becomes tedious and predictable.
• Even narrative needs description. The characters and places need details to bring them alive and to allow the reader to be able to imagine them.
• Choose first or third person and stick with your choice; and do not switch narrative viewpoint, as this is confusing for the reader
• Do not use a first person narrator if you want to die at the end of your story! It is generally safer to use third person narration as it gives you more flexibility and a wider viewpoint.
• Do not end your story with ‘And then I woke up in hospital’, or ‘It was all a dream’. Try to avoid clichés of any kind, including stereotyped characters and predictable outcomes.
• Use similes, but avoid obvious ones such as ‘as red as a rose’. Make comparisons unusual, but still apt, by giving them a moment’s thought and making them more specific e.g. ‘as red as a matador’s cape’.
• Straightforward stories do not get higher than C grade marks; details help create originality and engage reader interest, which is what is needed for a B grade, so use plenty of them.
• Narrative needs tension, but you should not exaggerate; too much gore or too many unlikely events become ridiculous, and fear is more believable when it is mental ratherthan physical.
• It is better to think of something that actually happened to you, or someone you know, or which you read in a book or saw in a film, than to try to make up something entirely from scratch, as it will sound more convincing if it based on real or fictional experience. You are then, however, free to adapt, embellish and exaggerate the original idea to make it relevant and memorable, rather than just retelling the plot synopsis or giving a factual account.
• Keep a balance in the different parts of the narrative. An over-long introduction reduces the effect of the middle section where things build up to a climax, and you need to leave yourself time to create a memorable ending.
• Stories need a conclusion, where things are either resolved or left unresolved as a cliffhanger (though on the whole readers prefer to know how a story ended.). You must not give the impression that you stopped writing because you ran out of time, ink or ideas.
Source: www.canbridgestudents.org.uk
